High-Yield Points:
• Ovary: near the pelvic inlet in the cow, sublumbar in the mare and abdominal in the sow and bitch; produces oocytes and steroid hormones.
• Uterine tube (oviduct): infundibulum (with fimbriae) → ampulla → isthmus; fertilization usually occurs near the ampullary-isthmic junction.
• Uterus (Cow) = bicornuate — short body + 2 long horns. The maternal endometrium has caruncles; fetal chorionic cotyledons attach to them to form placentomes.
• Cervix (cow) — thick, fibromuscular, with 3-4 transverse rings (annular folds) — clinically vital landmark for AI ('cervix is the rifle barrel').
• Vagina + Vestibule (separated by external urethral orifice + suburethral diverticulum) → Vulva with two labia.
• Broad ligament: mesometrium, mesovarium and mesosalpinx; suspends the reproductive tract and conveys vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
• Blood: uterine artery (palpable per rectum in late pregnancy = 'fremitus' / pregnancy thrill).

Female Reproductive Tract

Ovary: Paired gonad whose topography varies by species. In the cow it is commonly near the pelvic inlet; in the sow it is abdominal near the caudal kidneys, in the mare sublumbar and in the bitch caudal to the kidneys. The bovine surface is irregular when follicles and corpora lutea project; the mare ovary has a single ovulation fossa.

Uterine Tube (Oviduct): Three parts — infundibulum, ampulla and isthmus. Fertilization generally occurs near the ampullary-isthmic junction. The mucosa contains ciliated and secretory epithelial cells.

Uterus (Cow): A bicornuate uterus with a short body (~3 cm) and two long curving horns (~30 cm each). The horns curl ventrally like a ram's horn. The endometrium of the cow bears ~80-120 caruncles — non-glandular knob-like elevations where, during pregnancy, the fetal cotyledons attach to form placentomes (cotyledonary placentation, characteristic of ruminants).

Cervix (Cow): Thick, hard, fibromuscular tube ~10 cm long. The lumen is interrupted by 3-4 transverse cervical rings (annular folds) — the trans-cervical insertion of an AI gun feels like 'threading a rifle barrel'. Outside oestrus, it is firmly closed and forms a thick mucus plug (especially during pregnancy).

Vagina: Distensible muscular tube from cervix to external urethral orifice. The fornix lies around the cervix.

Vestibule: The part of the genital tract caudal to the external urethral orifice; floor bears the suburethral diverticulum (cow) and lateral walls bear the openings of the major vestibular (Bartholin's) glands.

Vulva: External part — two labia meet at dorsal & ventral commissures. The clitoris lies in the ventral commissure (homolog of male penis).

Broad Ligament (Mesometrium + Mesosalpinx + Mesovarium): Double sheet of peritoneum suspending the entire tract from the sublumbar region; carries uterine, ovarian and vaginal vessels and nerves.

Pregnancy Diagnosis Per Rectum (cow): Findings depend on gestational age, breed, examiner and uterine position. Membrane slip and the amniotic vesicle may be detected early by a trained veterinarian. Middle uterine-artery fremitus commonly becomes appreciable ipsilaterally at about four months and later contralaterally; direct fetal palpation is not continuously possible as the uterus descends.