IVRI Anatomy
A free veterinary anatomy learning platform for B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., DVM and veterinary medicine students worldwide, developed at the Veterinary Anatomy Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly—covering VCI/MSVE and international university curricula through regional anatomy, histology, embryology, comparative biomechanics, clinical notes, quizzes and revision.
The lower jaw; the only mobile bone of the skull.
Symphysis: The joint between the two halves (mandibular synchondrosis). In the ox, this ossifies very late or never fully, allowing some independent movement of the halves.
Diastema: The large gap between the incisors (only lower incisors are present) and the cheek teeth.
Coronoid Process: Long and curves caudally for insertion of the temporalis muscle.
Condylar Process: Concave-convex articular surface for the TMJ.
Angle: The angle of the mandible is expanded and rough for the insertion of the masseter and pterygoid muscles (chewing muscles).
A series of bony rods suspending the tongue and larynx from the skull.
Stylohyoid (Stylohyoideum): The largest element in the ox. It is flattened and has a distinct muscular angle near its proximal end.
Epihyoid: Short and cylindrical.
Ceratohyoid: Rod-like.
Basihyoid: The transverse bar connecting the two sides.
Lingual Process: Projects rostrally from the basihyoid into the tongue. In the ox, this is short and tuberous, distinguishing it sharply from the horse.
Thyrohyoid: Connects to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
| OX (BOS TAURUS) | Mandible: Symphysis ossifies very late/never fully. 8 Incisors, 6 Cheek teeth. Coronoid long curved. Saddle-shaped condyle. Large rounded rough angle. Hyoid: Stylohyoid large with angle. Lingual process short, blunt, tuberous. |
| HORSE (EQUUS CABALLUS) | Mandible: Fibrous symphysis (never fuses). 6 Incisors, 6 Cheek teeth. Coronoid long slender (for temporalis). Convex condyle. Hooked angular process. Hyoid: Stylohyoid large with angle. Lingual process very long, spur-like. |
| DOG (CANIS LUPUS) | Mandible: Fuses early. I, C, PM, M. Coronoid short small. Cylindrical hinge condyle. Hyoid: Small nodule or fused. Lingual process absent/vestigial. |
| PIG (SUS SCROFA) | Mandible: Fused into single bone. I, C, PM, M. Coronoid wide high. Large rounded condyle. Hyoid: Long distinct bone. Curved rod lingual process. |
| FOWL (GALLUS DOMESTICUS) | Mandible: Fuses completely in adult. Edentulous (beak). Surangular distinct bone. Retroarticular process. Articulates with Quadrate. Hyoid: Entoglossal bone supports tongue. Extremely long apparatus curling around skull. |
Explore the hidden mechanics of why structures are present, absent or modified across domestic and wildlife species—and how each anatomical design supports movement, function and clinical practice.
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