High-Yield Points:
• Mixed exocrine + endocrine gland.
• In the ox, the pancreas lies dorsally: its left lobe extends along the liver toward the rumen, while its right lobe lies chiefly within the mesoduodenum beside the descending duodenum.
• Two lobes (right + left) joined by a body — wraps around the portal vein.
• Ducts: Cattle and pigs usually drain through the accessory pancreatic duct; sheep and goats usually through the pancreatic duct; horses commonly have both ducts, and dogs commonly have both with individual variation.
• Endocrine = Islets of Langerhans → insulin (β cells), glucagon (α cells).

Pancreas

The pancreas is a soft, lobulated, pale yellow-pink gland with both exocrine and endocrine roles. The exocrine portion (>98% by mass) secretes pancreatic juice (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase). The endocrine portion consists of microscopic islets (Islets of Langerhans) producing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.

Topography in Ox: The pancreas is an irregular, dorsally placed organ. The body is near the portal region; the left lobe extends along the liver toward the rumen, and the right lobe runs caudally in the mesoduodenum beside the descending duodenum. It should not be described as wholly right-sided or simply attached to the liver and right kidney in the lesser omentum.

Ducts:
• Pancreatic duct: Opens at the major duodenal papilla, often near the bile duct.
• Accessory pancreatic duct: Opens separately at the minor duodenal papilla. Presence and dominance of the two ducts are species-dependent.